Asma y broncoconstricción inducida por ejercicio en el deportista de resistencia: actualización en diagnóstico y tratamiento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59856/arch.soc.chil.med.deporte.v66i1.7Palabras clave:
asma, atleta, broncoconstricción inducida por ejercicio, deporte de resistencia, diagnóstico, tratamientoResumen
Introducción: Los atletas de resistencia tienen mayor prevalencia de asma y broncoconstricción inducida por ejercicio sin asma (BIEsa) que la población general. De hecho, representan los trastornos crónicos más comunes en este grupo.
Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es describir el estado actual del diagnóstico y tratamiento de asma y BIEsa en deportistas de resistencia.
Metodología: La búsqueda de artículos fue realizada en las bases PubMed, LILACs y Cochrane desde septiembre 2015 hasta septiembre de 2020.
Resultados: La presentación clínica de estas entidades es muy variable, desde disminución del rendimiento hasta un cuadro clásico de obstrucción bronquial. Para el diagnóstico es fundamental, primero confirmar o descartar asma, y luego realizar pruebas de función pulmonar dirigidas a confirmar o descartar BIEsa. Para la terapia farmacológica se recomienda el uso regular de corticoesteroides inhalados y evitar los agonistas β2 de acción corta como monoterapia. En deportistas sujetos a control de dopaje, el terapeuta y el equipo técnico deben considerar las regulaciones de la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje.
Conclusión: Es fundamental buscar activamente estas enfermedades ya que suelen ser subdiagnosticadas y subtratadas, lo que impacta negativamente en el rendimiento y salud de los atletas de resistencia.
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