Métodos para la evaluación del estado de hidratación en ejercicio y deporte.

Autores/as

  • Daniel Pacheco Bravo Universidad de Concepción - Universidad Santo Tomás

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59856/arch.soc.chil.med.deporte.v69i1.84

Palabras clave:

Hidratación, deporte, ejercicio, composición corporal

Resumen

Introducción: La ingesta de líquidos es clave para la salud y el rendimiento deportivo, por consiguiente, es sumamente relevante contar con diversos métodos para evaluar el estado de hidratación.

Objetivo: Identificar y describir los métodos utilizados en publicaciones científicas para evaluar el estado de hidratación en contexto deportivo.

Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda narrativa de artículos originales de los últimos 10 años en el repositorio Pubmed, que describieran algún método para evaluar el estado de hidratación.

Resultados: Dentro de un total de 36 artículos seleccionados, fueron descritos 11 distintos métodos, siendo la diferencia de peso corporal y la gravedad específica u osmolaridad de la orina los más utilizados.

Discusión y conclusiones: Cada uno de estos métodos presenta ventajas y desventajas que deben ser conocidas por el equipo interdisciplinario de los deportistas con el fin de elegir el que sea más adecuado a los recursos disponibles y acordes al contexto específico de evaluación.

Palabras clave: Composición corporal, deporte, ejercicio, hidratación.

Biografía del autor/a

  • Daniel Pacheco Bravo, Universidad de Concepción - Universidad Santo Tomás

    Nutricionista egresado de la Universidad de Concepción, diplomado en medicina deportiva de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y cursando el doctorado en nutrición de la Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana de México.

    Me desempeño desde el año 2017 como académico de pregrado en la Universidad de Concepción y Universidad Santo Tomás en asignaturas de nutrición deportiva, nutrición clínica, anatomía, farmacología, fisiología y fisiopatología.

Referencias

Hankin ME, Munz K, Steinbeck AW. Total body water content in normal and grossly obese women. Med J Aust. 2 de octubre de 1976;2(14):533-7.

Edmonds CJ, Crosbie L, Fatima F, Hussain M, Jacob N, Gardner M. Dose-response effects of water supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in children and adults. Appetite. 1 de enero de 2017;108:464-70.

Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, Williams SCR, Calvert GA, Hampshire A, et al. Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. enero de 2011;32(1):71-9.

Boilesen SN, Tahan S, Dias FC, Melli LCFL, de Morais MB. Water and fluid intake in the prevention and treatment of functional constipation in children and adolescents: is there evidence? J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017;93(4):320-7.

Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, Curhan G, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Matlaga BR, et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. agosto de 2014;192(2):316-24.

Sawka MN, Wenger CB, Pandolf KB. Thermoregulatory Responses to Acute Exercise-Heat Stress and Heat Acclimation. En: Comprehensive Physiology [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011 [citado 15 de febrero de 2024]. p. 157-85. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cphy.cp040109

Montain SJ, Sawka MN, Latzka WA, Valeri CR. Thermal and cardiovascular strain from hypohydration: influence of exercise intensity. Int J Sports Med. febrero de 1998;19(2):87-91.

Cheuvront SN, Carter R, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Curr Sports Med Rep. agosto de 2003;2(4):202-8.

Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. diciembre de 2010;109(6):1989-95.

Armstrong LE, Johnson EC, Casa DJ, Ganio MS, McDermott BP, Yamamoto LM, et al. The American football uniform: uncompensable heat stress and hyperthermic exhaustion. J Athl Train. 2010;45(2):117-27.

O’Brien C, Freund BJ, Sawka MN, McKay J, Hesslink RL, Jones TE. Hydration assessment during cold-weather military field training exercises. Arctic Med Res. enero de 1996;55(1):20-6.

Dietary reference values for water | EFSA [Internet]. 2010 [citado 15 de febrero de 2024]. Disponible en: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1459

Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2005 [citado 15 de febrero de 2024]. Disponible en: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10925

American College of Sports Medicine, Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. febrero de 2007;39(2):377-90.

Castro-Sepulveda M, Cerda-Kohler H, Pérez-Luco C, Monsalves M, Andrade DC, Zbinden-Foncea H, et al. Hydration status after exercise affect resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability. Nutr Hosp. 17 de diciembre de 2014;31(3):1273-7.

Wall BA, Watson G, Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR, Siegel R, Laursen PB. Current hydration guidelines are erroneous: dehydration does not impair exercise performance in the heat. Br J Sports Med. agosto de 2015;49(16):1077-83.

Tan XR, Low ICC, Stephenson MC, Kok T, Nolte HW, Soong TW, et al. Altered brain structure with preserved cortical motor activity after exertional hypohydration: a MRI study. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1 de julio de 2019;127(1):157-67.

Carroll HA, Templeman I, Chen YC, Edinburgh R, Burch EK, Jewitt JT, et al. Hydration status affects thirst and salt preference but not energy intake or postprandial ghrelin in healthy adults: A randomised crossover trial. Physiol Behav. 1 de diciembre de 2019;212:112725.

Killer SC, Svendsen IS, Gleeson M. The influence of hydration status during prolonged endurance exercise on salivary antimicrobial proteins. Eur J Appl Physiol. septiembre de 2015;115(9):1887-95.

Yeargin SW, Finn ME, Eberman LE, Gage MJ, McDermott BP, Niemann A. Ad libitum fluid consumption via self- or external administration. J Athl Train. enero de 2015;50(1):51-8.

Zubac D, Šimunič B, Buoite Stella A, Morrison SA. Neuromuscular performance after rapid weight loss in Olympic-style boxers. Eur J Sport Sci. septiembre de 2020;20(8):1051-60.

Cheung SS, McGarr GW, Mallette MM, Wallace PJ, Watson CL, Kim IM, et al. Separate and combined effects of dehydration and thirst sensation on exercise performance in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports. junio de 2015;25 Suppl 1:104-11.

Pryor JL, Johnson EC, Del Favero J, Monteleone A, Armstrong LE, Rodriguez NR. Hydration Status and Sodium Balance of Endurance Runners Consuming Postexercise Supplements of Varying Nutrient Content. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. octubre de 2015;25(5):471-9.

Fernández-Elías VE, Hamouti N, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodríguez R. Hyperthermia, but not muscle water deficit, increases glycogen use during intense exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. junio de 2015;25 Suppl 1:126-34.

Taim BC, Suppiah HT, Wee J, Lee M, Lee JKW, Chia M. Palatable Flavoured Fluids without Carbohydrates and Electrolytes Do Not Enhance Voluntary Fluid Consumption in Male Collegiate Basketball Players in the Heat. Nutrients. 23 de noviembre de 2021;13(12):4197.

Kamaruddin HK, Ooi CH, Mündel T, Aziz AR, Che Muhamed AM. The ergogenic potency of carbohydrate mouth rinse on endurance running performance of dehydrated athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. agosto de 2019;119(8):1711-23.

Ferreira AMJ, Farias-Junior LF, Mota TAA, Elsangedy HM, Marcadenti A, Lemos TMAM, et al. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse and Hydration Strategies on Cycling Performance in 30 Km Time Trial: A Randomized, Crossover, Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med. junio de 2018;17(2):181-7.

Emerson DM, Torres-McGehee TM, Emerson CC, LaSalle TL. Individual fluid plans versus ad libitum on hydration status in minor professional ice hockey players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:25.

Camerino SRA e S, Lima RCP, França TCL, Herculano E de A, Rodrigues DSA, Gouveia MG de S, et al. Keto analogue and amino acid supplementation and its effects on ammonemia and performance under thermoneutral conditions. Food Funct. febrero de 2016;7(2):872-80.

Corney RA, Horina A, Sunderland C, James LJ. Effect of hydration status and fluid availability on ad-libitum energy intake of a semi-solid breakfast. Appetite. agosto de 2015;91:399-404.

Juett LA, Midwood KL, Funnell MP, James LJ, Mears SA. Hypohydration produced by high-intensity intermittent running increases biomarkers of renal injury in males. Eur J Appl Physiol. diciembre de 2021;121(12):3485-97.

James LJ, Moss J, Henry J, Papadopoulou C, Mears SA. Hypohydration impairs endurance performance: a blinded study. Physiol Rep. junio de 2017;5(12):e13315.

Wagner DR, Cotter JD. Ultrasound Measurements of Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Are Robust Against Hydration Changes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 1 de mayo de 2021;31(3):244-9.

Kitson O, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Foskett A, Lee JKW, Diako C, Wong M, et al. Sensory Perception of an Oral Rehydration Solution during Exercise in the Heat. Nutrients. 23 de septiembre de 2021;13(10):3313.

Waterbrook AL, Shah A, Jannicky E, Stolz U, Cohen RP, Gross A, et al. Sonographic inferior vena cava measurements to assess hydration status in college football players during preseason camp. J Ultrasound Med Off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med. febrero de 2015;34(2):239-45.

Carroll HA, Templeman I, Chen YC, Edinburgh R, Burch EK, Jewitt JT, et al. Hydration status affects thirst and salt preference but not energy intake or postprandial ghrelin in healthy adults: A randomised crossover trial. Physiol Behav. 1 de diciembre de 2019;212:112725.

García-Berger D, Mackay K, Monsalves-Alvarez M, Jorquera C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Zbinden-Foncea H, et al. Effects of skim milk and isotonic drink consumption before exercise on fluid homeostasis and time-trial performance in cyclists: a randomized cross-over study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 30 de marzo de 2020;17(1):17.

Barley OR, Chapman DW, Mavropalias G, Abbiss CR. The Influence of Heat Acclimation and Hypohydration on Post-Weight-Loss Exercise Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 1 de febrero de 2020;15(2):213-21.

Surapongchai J, Saengsirisuwan V, Rollo I, Randell RK, Nithitsuttibuta K, Sainiyom P, et al. Hydration Status, Fluid Intake, Sweat Rate, and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Recreational Tropical Native Runners. Nutrients. 20 de abril de 2021;13(4):1374.

McDermott BP, Atkins WC. Whole-body cooling effectiveness of cold intravenous saline following exercise hyperthermia: a randomized trial. Am J Emerg Med. octubre de 2023;72:188-92.

Adams WM, Hosokawa Y, Adams EL, Belval LN, Huggins RA, Casa DJ. Reduction in body temperature using hand cooling versus passive rest after exercise in the heat. J Sci Med Sport. noviembre de 2016;19(11):936-40.

Ormsbee MJ, Gorman KA, Miller EA, Baur DA, Eckel LA, Contreras RJ, et al. Nighttime feeding likely alters morning metabolism but not exercise performance in female athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab Physiol Appl Nutr Metab. julio de 2016;41(7):719-27.

Desbrow B, Barnes K, Young C, Cox GR, Irwin C. A Nutrition Recovery Station Following Recreational Exercise Improves Fruit Consumption but Does Not Influence Fluid Recovery. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. diciembre de 2017;27(6):487-90.

Castro-Sepulveda M, Johannsen N, Astudillo S, Jorquera C, Álvarez C, Zbinden-Foncea H, et al. Effects of Beer, Non-Alcoholic Beer and Water Consumption before Exercise on Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis in Athletes. Nutrients. 7 de junio de 2016;8(6):345.

Ungaro CT, Reimel AJ, Nuccio RP, Barnes KA, Pahnke MD, Baker LB. Non-invasive estimation of hydration status changes through tear fluid osmolarity during exercise and post-exercise rehydration. Eur J Appl Physiol. mayo de 2015;115(5):1165-75.

Ong JN, Ducker KJ, Furzer BJ, Dymock M, Landers GJ. Food and fluid intake and hydration status does not affect ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue in active adults. J Sci Med Sport. julio de 2022;25(7):548-52.

Cavalcante EF, Kassiano W, Ribeiro AS, Costa B, Cyrino LT, Cunha PM, et al. Resistance Training for Older Women: Do Adaptive Responses Support the ACSM and NSCA Position Stands? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1 de septiembre de 2023;55(9):1651-9.

Schrader M, Treff B, Sandholtet T, Maassen N, Shushakov V, Kaesebieter J, et al. Carbohydrate supplementation stabilises plasma sodium during training with high intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. septiembre de 2016;116(9):1841-53.

Piras A, Campa F, Toselli S, Di Michele R, Raffi M. Physiological responses to partial-body cryotherapy performed during a concurrent strength and endurance session. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab Physiol Appl Nutr Metab. enero de 2019;44(1):59-65.

Shirreffs SM. Markers of hydration status. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. marzo de 2000;40(1):80-4.

Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW. CORP: Improving the status quo for measuring whole body sweat losses. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. 1 de septiembre de 2017;123(3):632-6.

Leiper JB, Pitsiladis Y, Maughan RJ. Comparison of water turnover rates in men undertaking prolonged cycling exercise and sedentary men. Int J Sports Med. abril de 2001;22(3):181-5.

Zubac D, Marusic U, Hrvoje K. Hydration Status Assessment Techniques and Their Applicability Among Olympic Combat Sports Athletes: Literature Review. Strength Cond J. 1 de agosto de 2016;38:80-9.

Fernández-Elías VE, Martínez-Abellán A, López-Gullón JM, Morán-Navarro R, Pallarés JG, De la Cruz-Sánchez E, et al. Validity of hydration non-invasive indices during the weightcutting and official weigh-in for Olympic combat sports. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e95336.

McKenzie AL, Muñoz CX, Armstrong LE. Accuracy of Urine Color to Detect Equal to or Greater Than 2% Body Mass Loss in Men. J Athl Train. diciembre de 2015;50(12):1306-9.

Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol. agosto de 1974;37(2):247-8.

Oppliger RA, Bartok C. Hydration testing of athletes. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2002;32(15):959-71.

Kavouras SA. Assessing hydration status. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. septiembre de 2002;5(5):519-24.

Sollanek KJ, Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Axtell RS. Potential impact of a 500-mL water bolus and body mass on plasma osmolality dilution. Eur J Appl Physiol. septiembre de 2011;111(9):1999-2004.

De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Matthie J, Withers P. Predicting body cell mass with bioimpedance by using theoretical methods: a technological review. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985. mayo de 1997;82(5):1542-58.

Mialich MS, Sicchieri JMF, Junior AAJ. Analysis of Body Composition: A Critical Review of the Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Int J Clin Nutr. 23 de enero de 2014;2(1):1-10.

Berneis K, Keller U. Bioelectrical impedance analysis during acute changes of extracellular osmolality in man. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl. octubre de 2000;19(5):361-6.

Fortes MB, Diment BC, Di Felice U, Gunn AE, Kendall JL, Esmaeelpour M, et al. Tear fluid osmolarity as a potential marker of hydration status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. agosto de 2011;43(8):1590-7.

Sollanek K, Kenefick R, Walsh N, Fortes M, Esmaeelpour M, Cheuvront S. Assessment of thermal dehydration using the human eye: What is the potential? J Therm Biol. 1 de febrero de 2012;37:111-7.

Owen JA, Fortes MB, Ur Rahman S, Jibani M, Walsh NP, Oliver SJ. Hydration Marker Diagnostic Accuracy to Identify Mild Intracellular and Extracellular Dehydration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 1 de noviembre de 2019;29(6):604-11.

Oliver SJ, Laing SJ, Wilson S, Bilzon JLJ, Walsh NP. Saliva indices track hypohydration during 48h of fluid restriction or combined fluid and energy restriction. Arch Oral Biol. octubre de 2008;53(10):975-80.

Ely BR, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Limitations of salivary osmolality as a marker of hydration status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. junio de 2011;43(6):1080-4.

Ben-Aryeh H, Roll N, Lahav M, Dlin R, Hanne-Paparo N, Szargel R, et al. Effect of exercise on salivary composition and cortisol in serum and saliva in man. J Dent Res. noviembre de 1989;68(11):1495-7.

Going SB, Massett MP, Hall MC, Bare LA, Root PA, Williams DP, et al. Detection of small changes in body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr. junio de 1993;57(6):845-50.

Pietrobelli A, Formica C, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition model: review of physical concepts. Am J Physiol. diciembre de 1996;271(6 Pt 1):E941-951.

Chen L, Kim Y, Santucci KA. Use of ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter as an objective tool in the assessment of children with clinical dehydration. Acad Emerg Med Off J Soc Acad Emerg Med. octubre de 2007;14(10):841-5.

Kosiak W, Swieton D, Piskunowicz M. Sonographic inferior vena cava/aorta diameter index, a new approach to the body fluid status assessment in children and young adults in emergency ultrasound--preliminary study. Am J Emerg Med. marzo de 2008;26(3):320-5.

Descargas

Publicado

16-06-2024

Número

Sección

Articulos de Revisión

Cómo citar

1.
Métodos para la evaluación del estado de hidratación en ejercicio y deporte. Revista Archivos SOCHMEDEP [Internet]. 2024 Jun. 16 [cited 2024 Dec. 3];69(1):35-46. Available from: https://revistasochmedep.cl/index.php/Revista/article/view/84

Artículos similares

1-10 de 45

También puede Iniciar una búsqueda de similitud avanzada para este artículo.