Ejercicio de alta intensidad en pacientes con cáncer. Una revisión bibliográfica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59856/arch.soc.chil.med.deporte.v61i1.17Palabras clave:
calidad-de- vida, ejercicio-aérobico, fatiga, fitness, neoplasia, cáncerResumen
El manejo en pacientes con cáncer de mama involucra combinaciones de tratamientos prolongados y agresivos en forma local o sistémica, causando efectos tóxicos y secundarios a corto y largo plazo, aumentando la morbilidad y el riesgo de mortalidad por causas no relacionadas al cáncer. Los principales efectos secundarios que reportan las pacientes son fatiga relacionada al cáncer, disminución en el fitness cardiorrespiratorio y disminución en la calidad de vida.
El ejercicio es una estrategia que desde hace décadas se utiliza para combatir los efectos secundarios producidos por los tratamientos antineoplásicos. Hasta ahora, las recomendaciones de ejercicio en pacientes con cáncer se enfocan principalmente a la actividad aeróbica de moderada intensidad, esto es debido a que en la práctica clínica y las guías basadas en la evidencia, el ejercicio, ha sido limitado por la intensidad básicamente por cuestiones de seguridad, sin embargo, la reciente evidencia acepta que el entrenamiento interválico a alta intensidad (HIIT) es seguro, factible y bien tolerado por esta población. Por otra parte, estudios de ejercicio a alta intensidad realizados en distintas enfermedades crónicas, incluyendo al cáncer, han demostrado mejoras en el fitness cardiorrespiratorio, disminución en la fatiga relacionada al cáncer y mejoras en la calidad de vida.
El objetivo de la siguiente revisión es abordar la importancia del ejercicio físico en el control de los efectos adversos de los tratamientos antineoplásicos en pacientes con cáncer de mama y profundizar en el entrenamiento de alta intensidad como modalidad segura y eficaz.
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